Policy Actors, Role, and Gap in the Agricultural Policy Process of Nepal

Abstract

Purpose: This study identifies the roles and limitations of key policy actors in Nepal’s agricultural policy process, aiming to understand how to develop more inclusive and effective policies.
Methods: A qualitative research approach was adopted, using a two-dimensional conceptual model that integrates policy actors with four key policy cycle phases: agenda-setting, formulation, implementation, and evaluation. This framework, grounded in policy network theory and new institutionalism, helped to assess the analytical, operational, institutional, systemic, and political capacities of actors. Data were collected through an extensive review of literature and fieldwork, including 10 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 18 key informant interviews (KIIs) conducted across all seven provinces of Nepal with a diverse range of stakeholders.
Results: Findings of this study revealed that the agricultural policy process in Nepal is highly centralized and dominated by state actors, particularly the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. While non-state actors such as farmers’ groups, academia, and civil society are present, but their engagement is limited and often symbolic. Donor agencies, however, exert significant influence by providing technical and financial support. Key gaps identified include weak coordination between different tiers of government, institutional fragmentation, and a pervasive lack of capacity among both state and non-state actors. We argue that these deficiencies contribute to policy failures, as evidenced by the underperformance of major national agricultural strategies.
Conclusion: Both state and non-state actors in Nepal have significant capacity gaps that hinder effective policy implementation. Addressing these challenges requires strengthening institutional structures, fostering collaboration, and investing in the policy capacities of all actors to create a more responsive and sustainable policy environment.